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MS-DOS 3. FAT12 remains in use on all common floppy disks , including 1. In , IBM released the PC AT , which required PC DOS 3. Cluster addresses were increased to bit, allowing for up to 65, clusters per volume. However, the maximum possible number of sectors and the maximum partition size of 32 MB did not change. Although cluster addresses were 16 bits, this format was not what today is commonly understood as FAT A partition type 0x04 indicates this form of FAT16 with less than 65, sectors less than 32 MB for sector size The benefit of FAT16 was the use of smaller clusters, making disk usage more efficient, particularly for large numbers of files only a few hundred bytes in size.
As MS-DOS 3. MS-DOS and PC DOS implementations of FAT12 and FAT16 could not access disk partitions larger than 32 megabytes. Several manufacturers developed their own FAT variants within their OEM versions of MS-DOS. Some vendors AST and NEC [29] supported eight , instead of the standard four , primary partition entries in their custom extended Master Boot Record MBR , and they adapted MS-DOS to use more than a single primary partition.
Other vendors worked around the volume size limits imposed by the bit sector entries by increasing the apparent size of the sectors the file system operated on. These logical sectors were larger up to bytes than the physical sector size still bytes on the disk. The DOS-BIOS or System BIOS would then combine multiple physical sectors into logical sectors for the file system to work with. These changes were transparent to the file system implementation in the DOS kernel.
The underlying DOS-BIOS translated these logical sectors into physical sectors according to partitioning information and the drive's physical geometry. The drawback of this approach was increased memory used for sector buffering and deblocking. Since older DOS versions could not use large logical sectors, the OEMs introduced new partition IDs for their FAT variants in order to hide them from off-the-shelf issues of MS-DOS and PC DOS.
Known partition IDs for logical sectored FATs include: 0x08 Commodore MS-DOS 3. x , 0x11 Leading Edge MS-DOS 3. x , 0x14 AST MS-DOS 3. x , 0x24 NEC MS-DOS 3. x , 0xE5 Tandy MS-DOS , 0xF2 Sperry IT MS-DOS 3. x, Unisys MS-DOS 3. While non-standard and sub-optimal, these FAT variants are perfectly valid according to the specifications of the file system itself. To allow the use of more FAT partitions in a compatible way, a new partition type was introduced in PC DOS 3. Since PC DOS 3.
The MBR of a hard disk can either define up to four primary partitions, or an extended partition in addition to up to three primary partitions. In November , Compaq Personal Computer DOS 3. Although the on-disk changes were minor, the entire DOS disk driver had to be converted to use bit sector numbers, a task complicated by the fact that it was written in bit assembly language. The result was initially called the DOS 3. Microsoft 's DSKPROBE tool refers to type 0x06 as BigFAT , [35] whereas some older versions of FDISK described it as BIGDOS.
Technically, it is known as FAT16B. Since older versions of DOS were not designed to cope with more than 65, sectors, it was necessary to introduce a new partition type for this format in order to hide it from pre The original form of FAT16 with less than 65, sectors had a partition type 0x To deal with disks larger than this, type 0x06 was introduced to indicate 65, or more sectors.
In addition to this, the disk driver was expanded to cope with more than 65, sectors as well. The only other difference between the original FAT16 and the newer FAT16B format is the usage of a newer BPB format with bit sector entry.
Therefore, newer operating systems supporting the FAT16B format can cope also with the original FAT16 format without any necessary changes. If partitions to be used by pre-DOS 3. In practice however, type 0x01 and 0x04 primary partitions should not be physically located outside the first 32 MB of the disk, due to other restrictions in MS-DOS 2.
x, which could not cope with them otherwise. In , the FAT16B improvement became more generally available through DR DOS 3. The limit on partition size was dictated by the 8-bit signed count of sectors per cluster, which originally had a maximum power-of-two value of With the standard hard disk sector size of bytes, this gives a maximum of 32 KB cluster size, thereby fixing the "definitive" limit for the FAT16 partition size at 2 GB for sector size On magneto-optical media, which can have 1 or 2 KB sectors instead of 0.
Much later, Windows NT increased the maximum cluster size to 64 KB, by considering the sectors-per-cluster count as unsigned.
However, the resulting format was not compatible with any other FAT implementation of the time, and it generated greater internal fragmentation. Windows 98 , SE and ME also supported reading and writing this variant, but its disk utilities did not work with it and some FCB services are not available for such volumes.
This contributes to a confusing compatibility situation. Prior to , versions of DOS accessed the disk via CHS addressing only. When Windows 95 MS-DOS 7. Partitions partially or fully located beyond the CHS barrier therefore had to be hidden from non-LBA-enabled operating systems by using the new partition type 0x0E in the partition table instead.
FAT16 partitions using this partition type are also named FAT16X. The number of root directory entries available for FAT12 and FAT16 is determined when the volume is formatted, and is stored in a bit field. FAT12 and FAT16 media typically use root directory entries on non-floppy media.
Some third-party tools, like mkdosfs, allow the user to set this parameter. In order to overcome the volume size limit of FAT16, while at the same time allowing DOS real-mode code to handle the format, Microsoft designed a new version of the file system, FAT32 , which supported an increased number of possible clusters, but could reuse most of the existing code, so that the conventional memory footprint was increased by less than 5 KB under DOS.
The FAT32 boot sector uses a bit field for the sector count, limiting the maximal FAT32 volume size to 2 terabytes with a sector size of bytes. The maximum FAT32 volume size is 16 TB with a sector size of 4, bytes.
This limit is a consequence of the 4-byte file length entry in the directory table and would also affect relatively huge FAT16 partitions enabled by a sufficient sector size.
Like FAT12 and FAT16, FAT32 does not include direct built-in support for long filenames, but FAT32 volumes can optionally hold VFAT long filenames in addition to short filenames in exactly the same way as VFAT long filenames have been optionally implemented for FAT12 and FAT16 volumes.
FAT32 was introduced with Windows 95 OSR2 MS-DOS 7. Windows 98 introduced a utility to convert existing hard disks from FAT16 to FAT32 without loss of data. In the Windows NT line, native support for FAT32 arrived in Windows A free FAT32 driver for Windows NT 4.
The acquisition of the driver from official sources is no longer possible. Since , Caldera's dynamically loadable DRFAT32 driver could be used to enable FAT32 support in DR-DOS.
EXE driver for DR-DOS 7. IBM introduced native FAT32 support with OEM PC DOS 7. Two partition types have been reserved for FAT32 partitions, 0x0B and 0x0C. The latter type is also named FAT32X in order to indicate usage of LBA disk access instead of CHS. This file is indexed by two previously reserved bytes in the file's or directory's directory entry at offset 0x However, the third-party FAT32 installable file system IFS driver FAT IFS version 0.
The driver also utilizes the byte at offset 0x0C in directory entries to store a special mark byte indicating the presence of extended attributes to help speed up things. Extended attributes are accessible via the Workplace Shell desktop, through REXX scripts, and many system GUI and command-line utilities such as 4OS2. Trying to copy a file with any ADS other than EAs from an NTFS volume to a FAT or HPFS volume gives a warning message with the names of the ADSs that will be lost.
It does not support the FAT IFS method to store EAs on FAT32 volumes. Windows onward acts exactly as Windows NT, except that it ignores EAs when copying to FAT32 without any warning but shows the warning for other ADSs, like "Macintosh Finder Info" and "Macintosh Resource Fork".
One of the user experience goals for the designers of Windows 95 was the ability to use long filenames LFNs—up to UTF code units long , [nb 1] in addition to classic 8. For backward and forward compatibility , LFNs were implemented as an optional extension on top of the existing FAT file system structures using a workaround in the way directory entries are laid out. This transparent method to store long file names in the existing FAT file systems without altering their data structures is usually known as VFAT for "Virtual FAT" after the Windows 95 virtual device driver.
Non VFAT-enabled operating systems can still access the files under their short file name alias without restrictions; however, the associated long file names may be lost when files with long filenames are copied under non VFAT-aware operating systems. In Windows NT, support for VFAT long filenames began with version 3. Linux provides a VFAT filesystem driver to work with FAT volumes with VFAT long filenames. For some time, a UVFAT driver was available to provide combined support for UMSDOS -style permissions with VFAT long filenames.
Human68K supported up to In order to support Java applications, the FlexOS -based IBM OS version 2 introduced its own virtual file system VFS architecture to store long filenames in the FAT file system in a backwards-compatible fashion. If enabled, the virtual filenames VFN are available under separate logical drive letters, whereas the real filenames RFN remain available under the original drive letters.
The FAT file system itself is not designed for supporting alternate data streams ADS , but some operating systems that heavily depend on them have devised various methods for handling them on FAT volumes. Mac OS using PC Exchange stores its various dates, file attributes and long filenames in a hidden file called " FINDER. DAT ", and resource forks a common Mac OS ADS in a subdirectory called " RESOURCE. FRK ", in every directory where they are used.
From PC Exchange 2. macOS stores resource forks and metadata file attributes, other ADS using AppleDouble format in a hidden file with a name constructed from the owner filename prefixed with ". Early Linux distributions also supported a format known as UMSDOS , a FAT variant with Unix file attributes such as long file name and access permissions stored in a separate file called " --linux-.
UMSDOS fell into disuse after VFAT was released and it is not enabled by default in Linux from version 2. In its NetWare File System NWFS Novell implemented a heavily modified variant of a FAT file system for the NetWare operating system. For larger files it utilized a performance feature named Turbo FAT.
FATX is a family of file systems designed for Microsoft 's Xbox video game console hard disk drives and memory cards , [57] [58] introduced in While resembling the same basic design ideas as FAT16 and FAT32 , the FATX16 and FATX32 on-disk structures are simplified, but fundamentally incompatible with normal FAT16 and FAT32 file systems, making it impossible for normal FAT file system drivers to mount such volumes.
The non-bootable superblock sector is 4 KB in size and holds an 18 byte large BPB-like structure completely different from normal BPBs. Clusters are typically 16 KB in size and there is only one copy of the FAT on the Xbox.
Directory entries are 64 bytes in size instead of the normal 32 bytes. Files can have filenames up to 42 characters long using the OEM character set and be up to 4 GB minus 1 byte in size.
The on-disk timestamps hold creation, modification and access dates and times but differ from FAT: in FAT, the epoch is ; in FATX, the epoch is On the Xbox , the epoch is exFAT is a file system introduced with Windows Embedded CE 6. It is loosely based on the File Allocation Table architecture, but incompatible, proprietary and protected by patents. exFAT is intended for use on flash drives and memory cards such as SDXC and Memory Stick XC , where FAT32 is otherwise used.
Vendors usually pre-format SDXC cards with it. Microsoft's GUI and command-line format utilities offer it as an alternative to NTFS and, for smaller partitions, to FAT16B and FAT The MBR partition type is 0x07 the same as used for IFS , HPFS , and NTFS. Logical geometry information located in the VBR is stored in a format not resembling any kind of BPB.
In early , the file system was reverse-engineered by the SANS Institute. Microsoft applied for, and was granted, a series of patents for key parts of the FAT file system in the mids.
All four pertain to long-filename extensions to FAT first seen in Windows 95 : U. patent 5,,, [63] U. patent 5,,, [64] U. patent 5,,, [65] U. patent 6,, all expired since In the EFI FAT32 specification, [7] Microsoft specifically grants a number of rights, which many readers have interpreted as permitting operating system vendors to implement FAT. Non-Microsoft patents affecting FAT include: U. The Public Patent Foundation PUBPAT submitted evidence to the US Patent and Trademark Office USPTO in disputing the validity of U.
patent , [63] including prior art references from Xerox and IBM. patent 5,, [65] invalid on the grounds that the patent had incorrect assignees. However, in , the USPTO ruled that features of Microsoft's implementation of the FAT system were "novel and non-obvious", reversing both earlier decisions and leaving the patents valid. In February , Microsoft filed a patent infringement lawsuit against TomTom alleging that the device maker's products infringe on patents related to VFAT long filenames.
As some TomTom products are based on Linux , this marked the first time that Microsoft tried to enforce its patents against the Linux platform. In October , Microsoft filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Motorola alleging several patents including two of the VFAT patents were not licensed for use in the Android operating system. In , patent EP "common name space for long and short filenames" expired since [80] was invalidated in Germany.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Family of file systems originally developed by Microsoft. This article is a less technical introduction to the subject. For the main encyclopedia article, see Design of the FAT file system. It has been suggested that Design of the FAT file system be merged into this article. Discuss Proposed since April FAT 0x 01 e. Extended Attribute FAT 0x 04 0x06 0x0E e. FAT 0x 0B 0x0C e. BDP : EBD0A0A2-B9ECB6BC7.
FAT 32 MB MB for 64 KB clusters FAT 2 GB 4 GB for 64 KB clusters FAT 2 TB 16 TB for 4 KB sectors. FAT 4, for 8 KB clusters FAT 65, for 32 KB clusters FAT ,, for 32 KB clusters. This overview section duplicates the intended purpose of the article's lead section , which should provide an overview of the subject.
Please merge it with the introduction. April Main article: Design of the FAT file system. See also: Timeline of DOS operating systems. FAT12 : 0x 01 e. Modified date not with DOS before 0. FAT16 : 0x 04 e. See also: Extended boot record.
FAT16B : 0x 06 0x0E LBA , e. FAT32 : 0x 0B 0x0C LBA , e. Further information: FAT filesystem and Linux. Main article: Turbo FAT. Main article: exFAT. In UTF, a "character" code point may take up two code units.
The resulting volumes were FAT32 by format, but still used the FAT16B EBPB. It is unclear how Windows determines the location of the root directory on FAT32 volumes, if only a FAT16 EBPB was used. According to Stephen Manes and Paul Andrews, "Gates", development was for a NCR in late , incorrectly classified as a floppy-based upgrade to the NCR , which had been released in model I and IV and was built around an Intel 8-bit processor, but was cassette-based only.
However, the NCR Century was a bit minicomputer, onto which several data entry terminals could be hooked up. Marc McDonald even remembered a NCR , a mainframe of the Criterion series, which can be ruled out as well. Announced for shipment in , NCR also introduced the NCR I series including the based NCR I and NCR I models of small business systems featuring dual floppy disks.
Other sources indicate that either the NCR series itself or the successor series were the actual target platform. The NCR series was released in , based on a similar hardware, but now including NCR and models featuring 8-inch diskettes. One source claims that a special NCR model variant with two 8-inch diskettes and Microsoft BASIC existed and was imported by NCR Sydney into Australia the least.
Microsoft TechNet. Archived from the original on Retrieved Windows 95 CD-ROM CONFIG. TXT File Archived at the Wayback Machine Article , Revision: 1. Last access dates are turned off for all drives when your computer is started in safe mode, and are not maintained for floppy disks by default. Archived from the original on September 25, Retrieved September 24, Archived from the original PDF on September 30, Standard ECMA 2nd ed.
ISO catalogue. ISO US Patent Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette eds. DOS Internals. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series 1st printing, 1st ed. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. Is something important going wrong? We will immediately send you an alert! MarketingTracer has developed the most accurate SERP Tracking possible. Every day we keep track of your keyword positions for you on mobile and desktop devices.
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hpp header file to enable Nana. IBM introduced native FAT32 support with OEM PC DOS 7. Share On Twitter. macOS stores resource forks and metadata file attributes, other ADS using AppleDouble format in a hidden file with a name constructed from the owner filename prefixed with ". Non thread safe; Widgets. hobby lobby essential oils.
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